Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg
Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia
Otto von Habsburg in 2004
Spouse Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen
Issue
Andrea von Habsburg
Monika von Habsburg
Michaela von Habsburg
Gabriela von Habsburg
Walburga von Habsburg
Karl von Habsburg
Georg von Habsburg
Full name
Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xavier Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius von Habsburg[1]
House House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father Charles I of Austria
Mother Zita of Bourbon-Parma
Born 20 November 1912(1912-11-20)
Reichenau an der Rax, Austria-Hungary
Died 4 July 2011(2011-07-04) (aged 98)
Pöcking, Germany
Burial 16 July 2011 (body); 17 July 2011 (heart)
Imperial Crypt (body); Pannonhalma Archabbey (heart)
Signature
Religion Roman Catholic

Otto von Habsburg[2] (20 November 1912 – 4 July 2011),[3][4] also known by his royal name as Archduke Otto of Austria, was the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in 1918, a realm which comprised modern-day Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. He remained the Crown Prince of Hungary until also the deposition of the Habsburgs in Hungary in 1921. He subsequently became the pretender to the former thrones, Head of the Imperial House of Habsburg, and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece[5] in 1922. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007.

The eldest son of Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, and his wife, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Otto was born as third in line to the thrones, as His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Imperial Otto of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. With his father's accession to the thrones in 1916, he was himself likely to become the Emperor. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and Austro-Hungarian legitimists to be the rightful Emperor-King from 1922.[6] Had the dual monarchy still existed, had his father still died young, and had he still lived to the age of 98, he might have had an 89-year reign, the longest verifiable by date.[7]

Otto was active on the Austrian and European political stage from the 1930s, both by promoting the cause of Habsburg restoration and as an early proponent of European integration—being thoroughly disgusted with nationalism—and a fierce opponent of Nazism and communism.[3][8] He has been described as one of the leaders of the Austrian anti-Nazi resistance.[9] After the 1938 Anschluss, monarchists were severely persecuted in Austria, and—sentenced to death by the Nazis—Otto fled to the United States, with a visa issued by Aristides de Sousa Mendes.

Otto von Habsburg was Vice President (1957–1973) and President (1973–2004) of the International Paneuropean Union, and served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) 1979–1999. In 1961, Francisco Franco offered him the crown of Spain, but he declined on account of the Habsburg dynasty's long absence from the Spanish throne, and recommended Juan Carlos.[10] As a newly elected Member of the European Parliament in 1979, Otto had an empty chair set up for the countries on the other side of the Iron Curtain in the European Parliament, and took a strong interest in the countries behind the Iron Curtain during his tenure. Otto von Habsburg played a central role in the revolutions of 1989, as a co-initiator of the Pan-European Picnic. Later he would be a strong supporter of the EU membership of central and eastern European countries.[11] A noted intellectual, he has published several books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the "architects of the European idea and of European integration" together with Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, and Alcide De Gasperi.[12]

Otto was exiled in 1918 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in Switzerland, Madeira, Spain, Belgium, France, the United States, and from 1954 until his death, finally in Bavaria (Germany), in the residence Villa Austria. At the time of his death, he was a citizen of Germany, Austria, Hungary and Croatia, having earlier been stateless de jure and de facto and possessed passports of Monaco, the Order of Malta, and Spain.

His funeral took place at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna on 16 July 2011; after a solemn requiem mass at Saint John Cantius in Chicago;[13] he was entombed in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna and his heart buried in Pannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary.

Contents

Early life

Otto was born at Villa Wartholz in Reichenau an der Rax, Austria-Hungary. He was baptised Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xavier Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius on 25 November 1912 at Villa Wartholz by the Prince-Archbishop of Vienna, Cardinal Franz Xaver Nagl. His godfather was the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (represented by Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria); his godmother was his grandmother Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.[14]

In November 1916, Otto became Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia when his father, Archduke Charles, acceded to the throne. However, in 1918, at the end of the First World War, the monarchies were abolished, the Republics of Austria and Hungary founded instead, and the family was forced into exile in Madeira.[15] Hungary did become a kingdom again, but Charles was never to regain the throne. Instead, Miklós Horthy ruled as regent until 1944, in a kingdom without a king.

He spoke German, Hungarian, Croatian, English, Spanish, French and Latin fluently. In later life, he would write some 40 books in German, Hungarian, French and Spanish.[16] His mother made him learn many languages because she believed he one day might rule over many lands.[17][18]

Years in exile

Otto's family spent the subsequent years in Switzerland, and on the Portuguese island of Madeira, where Charles died prematurely in 1922, leaving the 9-year-old Otto pretender to the throne. On his father's deathbed, his mother, then-Empress Dowager Zita, told the 9-year old, "your father is now sleeping the eternal sleep—you are now Emperor and King".[19] The family eventually relocated to the Basque town of Lekeitio, where 40 Spanish grandees bought them a villa. Meanwhile, the Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all the official property (Habsburg Law of 3 April 1919).

In 1935, he graduated with a PhD degree in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Louvain in Belgium.[20] From his father's death throughout the remainder of his time in exile, Otto considered himself the rightful emperor of Austria and stated this on many occasions. In 1937 he wrote,[21]

“I know very well that the overwhelming majority of the Austrian population would like me to assume the heritage of the peace emperor, my beloved father, rather earlier than later. (...) The [Austrian] people have never cast a vote in favor of the republic. They have remained silent as long as they were exhausted from the long fight, and taken by surprise by the audacity of the revolutionaries of 1918 and 1919. They shook off their resignation when they realized that the revolution had raped their right to life and freedom. (...) Such trust places a heavy burden on me. I accept it readily. God willing, the hour of reunion between the Duke and the people will arrive soon.”

He continued to enjoy considerable public support in Austria; from 1931 to 1938, 1,603 Austrian municipalities named Otto an honorary citizen.[22]

World War II

Otto strongly opposed the Anschluss of Austria to Nazi Germany. In 1938 he requested Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg to resist the Nazis and supported an international intervention,[8] and offered to return from exile to take over the reins of government in order to repel Hitler.[23] According to Gerald Warner, "Austrian Jews were among the strongest supporters of a Habsburg restoration, since they believed the dynasty would give the nation sufficient resolve to stand up to the Third Reich".[24]

Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazis.[1] As ordered by Adolf Hitler, his personal property and that of the House of Habsburg were confiscated and not given back after the war.[25] The so-called "Habsburg Law", which had previously been repealed, was reintroduced by the fiercely republican and anti-monarchist Nazis. The leaders of the Austrian legitimist movement, i.e. supporters of Otto, were arrested by the Nazis and largely executed (Stefan Zweig's novella The Royal Game is based on these events). Otto's cousins Max, Duke of Hohenberg, and Prince Ernst of Hohenberg were arrested in Vienna by the Gestapo and sent to Dachau concentration camp where they remained throughout the Nazi rule. Otto was involved in helping around 15,000 Austrians,[26] including thousands of Austrian Jews, flee the country at the beginning of the Second World War.[20][27]

Rudolf Hess ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught.[28] After the German invasion of France the family left the French capital and fled to Portugal with a visa issued by Aristides de Sousa Mendes, the Portuguese consul in Bordeaux. For his own safety, he left the European continent and lived from 1940 to 1944 in Washington, D.C. In his war-time exile in the United States, he worked to stop or limit the bombing campaign against Austria.[26] In the United States, he initiated the Austrian Day and was able to get Austria included in a postage stamp series on "Occupied Nations". He obtained the support of Winston Churchill for a conservative "Danube Federation", in effect a restoration of Austria-Hungary, but Joseph Stalin put an end to these plans.[23] He lobbied for the recognition of an Austrian government-in-exile, for the rights of the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, against the deportation of the German-speaking inhabitants of Bohemia and eastern Europe, and against letting Stalin rule Eastern Europe.[29]

In 1941, Adolf Hitler personally revoked the citizenship of Otto, his mother, and his siblings, and the imperial-royal family found themselves stateless.[30]

After World War II

At the end of the war, Otto returned to Europe and lived for some years in France and Spain.

In 1949, he ennobled several people, granting them Austrian noble titles, although not recognized by the Austrian republic. As he did not possess a passport and was effectively stateless, he was given a passport of the Principality of Monaco, thanks to the intervention of Charles de Gaulle in 1946. As a Knight of Malta, the Order also issued him a diplomatic passport. Later, he was also given a Spanish diplomatic passport.[31]

On 8 May 1956, Otto was recognized as an Austrian citizen by the provincial government of Lower Austria.[32] The Austrian Interior Ministry approved this declaration of Citizenship, but on the condition that he accept the name Dr. Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, on 8 February 1957. But this only entiled him to a passport "valid in every country but Austria".[33] Otto had already submitted a written statement, on 21 February 1958, that he and his family would renounce all privileges formerly entitled a member of the House of Habsburg, but this first declaration did not satisfy the requirements of the Habsburg Law. He officially declared his loyalty to the Republic of Austria on 5 June 1961. His second and formal renunciation of Habsburg privilege, on 31 May 1961, was eventually ruled satistfactory and in compliance with the Habsburg Law in 1963. His wife and he were then issued a Certified Proof of Citizenship on 20 July 1965. The Interior Ministry granted him an Austrian passport on 1 June 1966. The legal proceedings that forbade him entry to the country were now at an end. He traveled to Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria, for the first time since his exile, to visit the grave of Archduke Eugen of Austria, on 31 October 1966. Later, he visited Vienna on 5 July 1967.[34][35][36][37][38]

Political career

In a declaration dated 31 May 1961, Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne and proclaimed himself "a loyal citizen of the republic", a move that he made only after much hesitation and certainly "for purely practical reasons".[39] In a 2007 interview on the occasion of his approaching 95th birthday, Otto stated:

"This was such an infamy, I'd rather never have signed it. They demanded that I abstain from politics. I would not have dreamed of complying. Once you have tasted the opium of politics, you never get rid of it."[40]

The Habsburg Law of 3 April 1919 stated that Charles' descendants could only return to Austria if they renounced their royal claims and accepted the status of private citizens. The Austrian administrative court found on 24 May 1963 that Otto's statement was sufficient to meet this requirement. However, several elements in the country, particularly the Socialists, were ill-disposed to welcoming back the heir of the deposed dynasty. This touched off political infighting and civil unrest that almost precipitated a crisis of state, and later became known as the "Habsburg Crisis." It was only on 1 June 1966, after the People's Party won an outright majority in the national election, that Otto was issued an Austrian passport, and was finally able to visit his home country again on 31 October 1966 for the first time in 48 years.[41]

An early advocate of a unified Europe, Otto was president of the International Paneuropean Union from 1973 to 2004.[42] He served from 1979 until 1999 as a Member of the European Parliament for the conservative Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) party, eventually becoming the senior member of the European Parliament. He was also a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.[43] He was a major supporter of the expansion of the European Union from the beginning and especially of the acceptance of Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia. During his time in the European Parliament, he was involved in a fracas initiated by fellow MEP Ian Paisley.[44] In 1988, Pope John Paul II had just begun a speech to the Parliament, and Protestant Paisley shouted at the Pope, "I denounce you as the Antichrist!", holding a poster reading "Pope John Paul II Antichrist". Otto snatched Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs, helped eject him from the chamber.[45][46]

He was one of the men instrumental in organising the so called Pan-European Picnic at the Hungary-Austria border on 19 August 1989.[3] This event is considered a milestone in the collapse of Communist dictatorships in Europe.[47]

He was reportedly a patron of the Three Faiths Forum, a group which aims to encourage friendship, goodwill and understanding amongst people of the three monotheistic faiths of Christianity, Judaism and Islam in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

In December 2006, he observed that, "The catastrophe of 11 September 2001 struck the United States more profoundly than any of us, whence a certain mutual incomprehension. Until then, the United States felt itself secure, persuaded of its power to bombard any enemy, without anyone being able to strike back. That sentiment vanished in an instant. Americans understand viscerally for the first time the risks they face."[48]

On 5 July 2007, Otto von Habsburg received the Freedom of the City of London from the hands of Sir Gavyn Arthur, a former Lord Mayor of London.[49]

He was known as a supporter of the rights of refugees and displaced people in Europe, notably of the ethnic Germans displaced from Bohemia where he was once the Crown Prince.[50] He was a jury member of the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award.[51] He also held Francisco Franco in a high regard and praised him for helping refugees, stating that he was "a dictator of the south American type, not totalitarian like Hitler or Stalin".[10]

In 2002, he was named the first ever honorary member of the European People's Party group.[52]

On the 2008 anniversary of the Anschluss,[53][54][55][56][57] Otto von Habsburg made a very controversial statement, as part of his "1938 Remembrance Day" address before Parliament that "there is no country in Europe that has a better claim to be a victim of the Nazis than Austria".[58] The context of this statement left little room for the media to interpret it in a better light. Although his speech received an ovation,[59] the Habsburgs were once again distanced from the popular opinion of the Austrian people, as demonstrated in public protest, media criticism and disapproval voiced by Austrian politicians.[60] SPÖ Defence Minister Norbert Darabos was quoted as saying that the remarks were "unacceptable", "a veritable democratic-political scandal" and that he had "insulted the victims of National Socialism". Otto von Habsburg was also quoted as saying that "a discussion as to whether Austria was an accomplice or a victim is an outrage".[61] ÖVP military spokesman Walter Murauer defended Otto's statement at the time[62] Murauer claimed that there was "another reality behind the mass of people who listened to Hitler on the Heldenplatz". Meaning the "thousands in the resistance and thousands in prison waiting to be transported to Dachau" near Munich. Murauer also recalled that Engelbert Dollfuß had been the only head of government in Europe to have been murdered by the Nazis. Murauer advised Darabos "to avoid populist pot-shots against an honourable European of the highest calibre." His son, Karl von Habsburg, also defended his father's words, in a 2011 statement, stating that "there were guilty parties in practically every country".[63]

Death and funeral

Main article: Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg

After the death of his wife, Regina in 2010, Otto stopped appearing in public. He died at the age of 98 on Monday, 4 July 2011, at his home in Pöcking, Germany. His spokeswoman reported that he died "peacefully and without pain in his sleep". He was survived by his younger brother, Felix, as well as 7 children, 22 grandchildren and 2 great-grandchildren.[3][6]

On 5 July, his body was laid in repose in the Church of St. Ulrich near his home in Pöcking, Bavaria, and a massive 13-day period of mourning started in several countries formerly part of Austria-Hungary.[64] Otto's coffin was draped with the Habsburg flag decorated with the imperial–royal coats of arms of Austria and Hungary in addition to the Habsburg family coat of arms.

In line with the Habsburg family tradition, Otto von Habsburg was buried in the family's crypt in Vienna, while his heart was buried in a monastery in Pannonhalma, Hungary.[6]

Family

He was married to Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen from 1951 until her death in 2010. At the time of his death, he left seven children, 23 grandchildren and 2 great-grandchildren (as of 2011):[15]

Otto lived in retirement at the Villa Austria in Pöcking bei Starnberg, Starnberg, near the lake Starnberger See, Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany.

Titles and styles

Titles of pretence from 1 April 1922

Official in Austria

Official in Germany

Ancestry

Honours and awards

Habsburg/Austrian orders and awards

Other dynastic orders

Governmental orders and awards

Non-governmental awards

Academic awards

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Dan van der Vat (4 July 2011). "Otto von Habsburg obituary". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  2. ^ Otto was born as His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Imperial Otto of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and became the Crown Prince of these countries in 1916. After 1918, titles of nobility were formally abolished in Austria, thus von Habsburg turned into Habsburg. The same applied after Habsburg became a German citizen (see Printausgabe der deutschen Wochenzeitung die Zeit vom 21.7.2011, p.36). By courtesy, he would also be referred to by European courts by his former style and title, i.e. as His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Otto of Austria. In the Austrian republic, the authorities referred to him, from 1919, as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, a name he never used himself. However, Otto did not live in Austria after 1918 and his citizenship there was revoked by Adolf Hitler in 1941, making him stateless. His Austrian citizenship was only restored in 1965. Otto later became a citizen of or was issued passports of multiple other countries, where his official name was Otto von Habsburg. As a Member of the European Parliament for Germany, his official name in the European Union was Otto von Habsburg. On his website, he used the style and name His Imperial and Royal Highness Dr. Otto von Habsburg.
  3. ^ a b c d Nicholas Kulish (4 July 2011). "Otto von Hapsburg, a Would-Be Monarch, Dies at 98". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/world/europe/05habsburg.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries. 
  4. ^ "Habsburg: Last heir to Austro-Hungarian empire dies". BBC News. 4 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14019319. Retrieved 5 July 2011. 
  5. ^ "Die vielen Pflichten des Adels" (in German). Wiener Zeitung. 5 July 2011. http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/oesterreich/278334_Die-vielen-Pflichten-des-Adels.html. Retrieved 2011-07-11. 
  6. ^ a b c Scally, Derek (4 July 2011). "Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 
  7. ^ David Warren (10 July 2011). "The Europe that might have been". Ottawa Citizen. http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
  8. ^ a b Kaiser-Sohn Otto von Habsburg gestorben Deutsche Welle, 4 July 2011 (German)
  9. ^ Tibor Pásztory. "Die beliebtesten Irrtümer zur Monarchie". Wienerzeitung.at. http://www.wienerzeitung.at/meinungen/gastkommentare/289459_Die-beliebtesten-Irrtuemer-zur-Monarchie.html. Retrieved 2011-07-16. 
  10. ^ a b "Otto von Habsburg who saw end of empire dead at 98". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/07/04/general-eu-germany-obit-habsburg_8548589.html. Retrieved 5 July 2011. 
  11. ^ "The Budapest Times - Hungary‘s leading English Language source for daily news". Budapesttimes.hu. 26 November 2007. http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2474&Itemid=1. Retrieved 2011-07-09. 
  12. ^ "Trauer um Otto von Habsburg". Kathweb.at. http://www.kathweb.at/site/focus/database/40311.html?SWS=04a92352c9cf628f76e57b8d7708989e. Retrieved 2011-07-08. 
  13. ^ November 2012 Calender description of pictures "Solemn Requiem Mass for the repose of the soul of H.I.R,H Archduke Otto van Hapsburg on July 11, 2011"
  14. ^ Wiener Zeitung, 26 November 1912.
  15. ^ a b Scally, Derek (5 July 2011). "Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0705/1224300090924.html. Retrieved 29 September 2011. 
  16. ^ "Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98". The Local. http://www.thelocal.de/national/20110704-36065.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 
  17. ^ Monday, 11 March 1940 (11 March 1940). "Habsburg Empire: Clown Prince". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789670,00.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 
  18. ^ Warren, David (10 July 2011). "The Europe that might have been". The Ottawa Citizen. http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/Europe+that+might+have+been/5055722/story.html. Retrieved 29 September 2011. 
  19. ^ "Habsburgs Erbe zerfiel und erlebte dennoch eine Renaissance". Diepresse.com. 27 May 2011. http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/675151/Habsburgs-Erbe-zerfiel-und-erlebte-dennoch-eine-Renaissance?_vl_backlink=/home/politik/innenpolitik/index.do. Retrieved 2011-07-08. 
  20. ^ a b "Otto Hapsburg, eldest son of Austria's last emperor, dies at 98". Thenational.ae. http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/otto-hapsburg-eldest-son-of-austrias-last-emperor-dies-at-98. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  21. ^ Gedächtnisjahrbuch 1937, 9. Jg.: Dem Andenken an Karls von Österreich Kaiser und König. Arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer Vereine – Wien, W. Hamburger 1937)
  22. ^ Heinz Arnberger, Winfried R. Garscha, Rudolf G. Ardelt, Christa Mitterrutzner, Anschluß 1938, Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, 1988, ISBN 3215068249
  23. ^ a b "Archduke Otto von Habsburg". London: Telegraph. 4 July 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8616240/Archduke-Otto-von-Habsburg.html. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  24. ^ Warner, Gerald (20 November 2008). "Otto von Habsburg's 96th birthday telescopes European history". London: telegraph.co.uk. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/geraldwarner/5774579/Otto_von_Habsburgs_96th_birthday_telescopes_European_history/. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  25. ^ Zoch, Irene (22 February 2004). "Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  26. ^ a b "Otto von Habsburg, oldest son of Austria-Hungary's last emperor, dies at age 98". Newser. http://www.newser.com/article/d9o8qcb00/otto-von-habsburg-oldest-son-of-austria-hungarys-last-emperor-dies-at-age-98.html. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  27. ^ http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/comment/obituaries/otto-von-habsburg-1.1110433
  28. ^ Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen." http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html
  29. ^ "Sie nannten ihn 'Otto von Europa'". Die-tagespost.de. http://www.die-tagespost.de/Sie-nannten-ihn-bdquo-Otto-von-Europa-ldquo-;art456,125800. Retrieved 2011-07-08. 
  30. ^ Stephan Baier, Eva Demmerle: Otto von Habsburg. Die Biografie. Amalthea, Wien 2002, ISBN 3-85002-486-5, p. 122.
  31. ^ http://www.kathweb.at/site/nachrichten/database/40510.html
  32. ^ Oliver Meidl: Monarch. A Life for Europe - Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow. "Ottos Anwalt verfassten Text vom 21. Februar 1958, in dem es heißt: "Um in meine Heimat zurückkehren zu können, erkläre ich im eigenen Namen und im Namen meiner Gemahlin und meiner minderjährigen Kinder als österreichischer Staatsbürger, die derzeit in Österreich geltenden Gesetze anzuerkennen und mich als getreuer Bürger der Republik zu bekennen." July 2011 http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html
  33. ^ Gedenkdienst Archive Zur Geschichte der „Habsburger-Gesetze“ http://www.gedenkdienst.at/index.php?id=679
  34. ^ Salzburger Nachrichten 1 June 1963 (German) http://www.omeidl.com/files/habsbg_articlesn63.jpg
  35. ^ A Life for Europe:Republican Recognition in Black and Yellow "...Otto von Habsburg am 31. Oktober 1966 nach Österreich ein und besuchte in Innsbruck das Grab von Erzherzog Eugen." http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html
  36. ^ E. Feigl, Otto von Habsburg, Profil eines Lebens, 1992 ISBN 3850023273
  37. ^ Austria-Online-Lexicon (German) http://www.austria-lexikon.at/af/Wissenssammlungen/Biographien/Habsburg,_Otto
  38. ^ Austria Presse Agentur with backing from ÖRF (press archive, 1955-1985) (German) http://www.historisch.apa.at/cms/apa-historisch/dossier.html?dossierID=AHD_19580221_AHD0001
  39. ^ Brook-Shepherd, pg. 181
  40. ^ Die Presse, Unabhängige Tageszeitung für Österreich. 10–11 November 2007. pg. 3 (German online version dated 9 November 2007: [1]. WebCite archive
  41. ^ "PK-Nr. 743/2006". Parlament.gv.at. http://www.parlament.gv.at/PG/PR/JAHR_2006/PK0743/PK0743.shtml. Retrieved 5 July 2011. 
  42. ^ Thomas Wilhelm Schwarzer. "Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg". Otto.twschwarzer.de. http://otto.twschwarzer.de/. Retrieved 5 May 2010. 
  43. ^ Peterson, David (1999). Revoking the moral order: the ideology of positivism and the Vienna circle. Lexington Books. p. 122. 
  44. ^ "Death of former 'kaiser in exile' and last heir to Austro-Hungarian throne", Irish Times, 5 July 2011
  45. ^ "HEADLINERS; Papal Audience". New York Times. 16 October 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1630F935A25753C1A96E948260. Retrieved 5 May 2010. 
  46. ^ David W. Cloud, "Dr. Ian Paisley's Stand for the Old Bible", Free Press, 11 June 2011, with excerpts from excFor Love of the Bible: The Battle for the King James Bible and the Received Text from 1800 to Present, by David W. Cloud, 1995, published by Way of Life Literature
  47. ^ Barta, Györgyi (2005). Hunagrian spaces and places:patterns of transition. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 2. ISBN 963-9052-46-9. http://books.google.de/books?id=OAj8wnwIL9MC&pg=PA2&dq=pan-european+picnic+1989&hl=de&ei=iWoTTsLwE8jSsgbJw63aDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=pan-european%20picnic%201989&f=false. 
  48. ^ Lalanne, Dorothée (6 December 2006). "Otto de Habsbourg: Européen Avant Tout". Point de Vue (3046): page 46. 
  49. ^ "Last Crown Prince of Austria receives the Freedom of the City of London". Cityoflondon.gov.uk. 11 July 2007. http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2007/131_07.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2010. 
  50. ^ "Zemřel syn posledního rakouského císaře Otto von Habsburg - ČeskéNoviny.cz". Ceskenoviny.cz. 4 July 2011. http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/zemrel-syn-posledniho-rakouskeho-cisare-otto-von-habsburg/659340. Retrieved 2011-07-09. 
  51. ^ "Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen". Z-g-v.de. http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=39. Retrieved 2011-07-08. 
  52. ^ "Otto von Habsburg – first honorary member of the EPP-ED Group". Eppgroup.eu. http://www.eppgroup.eu/Press/showPR.asp?PRControlDocTypeID=1&PRControlID=1570&PRContentID=3050&PRContentLg=en. Retrieved 2011-07-08. 
  53. ^ Südtirol Online, 4 July 2011 "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist.“ http://www.stol.it/Artikel/Politik-im-Ueberblick/Politik/Otto-von-Habsburg-ist-tot
  54. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung, 12 March 2008 (German) http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/oesterreichs-anschluss-an-nazi-deutschland-habsburg-holt-opferthese-aus-der-mottenkiste-1.282308
  55. ^ Kurier, Wien, July, 8, 2011 (German)...es gebe "keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat, sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist". http://kurier.at/nachrichten/3921065.php
  56. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung, 9 April 2008 (German) http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/kz-kommandant-goeth-morden-bereichern-intrigieren-1.195309
  57. ^ Focus Online, 4 July 2011 (German) http://www.focus.de/panorama/vermischtes/otto-von-habsburg-das-bewegte-leben-des-otto-von-europa_aid_642777.html
  58. ^ 70 Jahre AnschlussHabsburg plädiert für Opferrolle Österreichs Ö1 Inforadio 03/10/2008 (German) "Was eigentlich ein Skandal war, nämlich die Diskussion hier in Österreich über die Frage, ob Österreich ein Mitschuldiger war oder ob es ein Opfer war. Meine Damen und Herren, ich glaube es gibt keinen Staat in Europa, der mehr Recht hat sich als Opfer zu bezeichnen, als es Österreich gewesen ist."
  59. ^ ÖRF Online (German) http://sciencev1.orf.at/uhl/151021.html
  60. ^ N-TV, 12 March 2008 (German) http://www.n-tv.de/politik/dossier/Oesterreich-arbeitet-auf-article255663.html
  61. ^ Tiroler Tageszeitung, 9 July 2011(German) http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3029285-2/karl-habsburg-verteidigt-v%C3%A4terliche-aussage-%C3%BCber-opferrolle.csp
  62. ^ Austrian Times, 11 March 2008 (English) Habsburg Claims Austria Was Victim http://austriantimes.at/?c=1&id=4010-newentry
  63. ^ Der Standard, 9 July 2011 (German) "Mitschuldige gab es praktisch in jedem Land" http://derstandard.at/1308680832243/Karl-Habsburg-verteidigt-revisionistische-Aussagen-seines-Vaters
  64. ^ "Thirteen days of commemoration for Otto von Habsburg begins". Monsters and Critics. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1649322.php/Thirteen-days-of-commemoration-for-Otto-von-Habsburg-begins. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  65. ^ Francois R. Velde. "Royal Styles". Heraldica.org. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/royalstyle.htm#austria. Retrieved 2011-07-06. 
  66. ^ "Décès d'Otto de Habsbourg" (in French). http://www.tastevin-bourgogne.com/en/index.php?rub=9. Retrieved 2011-07-07. 
  67. ^ "Otto Habsbourg s'est éteint à 98 ans" (in French). France 3. http://lorraine.france3.fr/info/otto-habsbourg-s-est-eteint-a-98-ans-69515291.html. Retrieved 2011-07-07. 
  68. ^ The Grand Master of the Order of Malta at the funeral of Otto von Habsburg

Bibliography

External links

Media related to [//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otto_von_Habsburg-Lothringen Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen] at Wikimedia Commons
Otto von Habsburg
Born: 20 November 1912 Died: 4 July 2011
Austro-Hungarian royalty
Preceded by
Charles		 Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne
1916–1918		 Abolition of monarchy
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Emperor Charles I		 — TITULAR —
Emperor of Austria
1 April 1922 – 4 July 2011
Reason for succession failure:
Austro-Hungarian Empire abolished in 1918		 Succeeded by
Karl von Habsburg
— TITULAR —
King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia
1 April 1922 – 4 July 2011
Reason for succession failure:
Austro-Hungarian Empire abolished in 1918, the Habsburgs deposed in Hungary in 1921